27th Amendment in Pakistan's Constitution: Explained in Simple Words

The 27th Amendment is a major change made to Pakistan's Constitution in November 2025. Introduced by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif's government, it was passed quickly by the National Assembly and Senate, and signed into law on 13 November 2025. This amendment affects the judiciary, the military structure, and how powers are shared between the federal government and provinces.

Why Was the 27th Amendment Introduced?

The government claims it wants to modernize the system, improve the judiciary, strengthen national security, and enhance federal oversight on key national matters.
However, many critics argue it increases government control over courts and the army, reduces provincial power, and protects influential individuals from accountability.

Main Changes of the 27th Amendment

1. Creation of a New Constitutional Court

- A new Federal Constitutional Court will now handle constitutional cases.
- The Supreme Court loses its final authority in many constitutional matters.
- The new court can even overrule Supreme Court decisions.
- Critics say this weakens judicial independence.

2. Increased Government Power Over Judges

- Rules for appointing and transferring High Court judges have been modified.
- The Judicial Commission now gives more influence to the government.
- The President receives lifetime immunity from criminal cases and lawsuits, even after leaving office.

3. Major Changes in the Military Structure

- The role of Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee ends on 27 November 2025.
- The Chief of Army Staff becomes the Chief of Defence Forces with expanded powers.
- Five-star military officers will keep their rank, uniform, benefits, and legal immunity for life.

4. Shifts in Federal and Provincial Powers

- Provinces must now maintain slightly larger cabinets.
- The formula for sharing tax revenue (NFC Award) will be reviewed.
- Subjects like education and population planning may shift from provincial to federal control.
- Many in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and other smaller provinces feel their autonomy is being reduced.

How Was the Amendment Passed?

The government used its majority to pass it quickly. Opposition parties walked out in protest. A special committee reviewed the amendment for a short time before final approval.

Why Is the Amendment Controversial?

- Two Supreme Court judges resigned, calling it an attack on constitutional independence.
- Opposition parties, especially PTI, call it a threat to democracy and provincial rights.
- Lawyers, activists, and international organizations warn it disrupts the balance of power.
- Businesses fear political instability and economic risks.
- Many citizens worry it gives too much power to a few leaders without checks and balances.

Current Situation (December 2025)

The 27th Amendment is now part of the Constitution, but several petitions have been filed in courts. Protests continue across the country, and many groups are demanding its reversal.
Pakistan remains divided, with many fearing the amendment harms democracy, judicial independence, and provincial rights.

In summary: The 27th Amendment centralizes power, creates a powerful new court, alters military leadership, and reduces the authority of the Supreme Court. Many experts view it as a significant challenge to democratic and institutional balance in Pakistan.